In many of the countries surveyed, there have been multifold increases in this sentiment from to today. Large changes of this nature occurred in all the countries surveyed on this question from to , even though there are still skeptics of the positive effect these changes have had on economic prosperity in Ukraine, Bulgaria and Russia. On law and order, the changes are also more welcome now than in in every country surveyed. And on pride in their country, there have been strikingly large increases in the share who believe changes have had a good influence in Russia and Ukraine.
The only instances where significantly fewer now say these changes have had a good influence on society for any of these various aspects tested are in the Czech Republic, Lithuania and Slovakia on spiritual values and in Lithuania on national pride. On views of the standard of living, people with higher incomes and more education are more likely to say the changes since and have had a good influence in their countries.
In Slovakia, those who have an income at or above the country median are 30 percentage points more likely to say the changes since have had a good influence on the standard of living compared with those who have a household income below the median. Significant differences of this nature appear in eight of the nine countries where this question was asked.
A similar pattern applies for education. Those with more education are more likely than those with less to say the changes that have taken place since and had a good influence on standard of living in all countries besides Russia. Young people are more likely to say the changes to a capitalist economy and a multiparty system have had a positive effect on health care in their country.
Significant double-digit age gaps of this nature appear in seven of the nine countries where this question was asked. In Ukraine, those who only speak Ukrainian generally see a more positive influence of the societal changes on each issue than Russian-only speakers or those who speak both languages at home. In Germany, there are many divides on whether the changes since have had a good influence on national conditions among those who currently live in the West versus those in the East, though overall sentiment in Germany toward these changes is quite positive.
For example, those in the West are 20 percentage points more likely than those in the East to say the changes have had a good effect on the education system. Western Germans are also more likely to see the changes as a good influence on law and order and spiritual and family values compared with the East.
However, there are no real differences of opinion between the West and East on how changes have benefited standard of living, health care and pride in their country. It organizes the public into nine distinct groups, based on an analysis of their attitudes and values.
Even in a polarized era, the survey reveals deep divisions in both partisan coalitions. Use this tool to compare the groups on some key topics and their demographics. Pew Research Center now uses as the last birth year for Millennials in our work. President Michael Dimock explains why. In both, the means of production and distribution are owned by the workers, either directly or through government agencies. Socialism can be compatible with individual liberty, democratic government, and freedom of choice.
Communism is imposed by an authoritarian state in which individual rights and liberties are held to be inferior to the rights of the people as a whole. Most advanced democracies contain some elements that could be termed socialist.
Nationalized healthcare, mass transit systems, and even public libraries all are examples of government services that are owned and run by government agencies, subsidized by taxpayers, and available to all.
Communism calls for the elimination of private property ownership and thus effectively abolishes wealth accumulation. Socialism calls for public ownership of essential services and levies the high taxes that are needed to support them. The gap in the quality of life between the richest and the poorest narrows. The two biggest experiments in communism in the 20th century were the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics U.
The U. China remains a one-party state, and that state is the Communist People's Party. Nevertheless, it has introduced government reforms that have made its system a hybrid of communism and socialism with a dash of pure capitalism. A socialist economy offers collective ownership, usually through a state-controlled agency, worker cooperative, or outright state ownership with delegation to representatives. Socialist market economies generally discourage private ownership.
In addition, in socialist market economies, goods and services are produced for their usefulness, with the aim to eliminate the need for a demand-based market. In this way, it discourages accumulation, which is assumed to be the root cause of wealth imbalance. Interestingly, no pure socialist, pure capitalist, or pure communist economy exists in the world today.
Cuba has a mostly state-run economy including a national healthcare program, government-sponsored education free for its citizens at all levels, subsidized housing, utilities, entertainment, and even subsidized food programs.
Together, these social programs are meant to compensate for the low salaries of Cuban workers, making them better off than their international counterparts in many other countries.
The reason is that Cuba's economy was in disarray. GDP was registered at 2. In addition, the country has experienced shortages of consumer staples, energy rationing, and price inflation. As of today, Cuba operates with a parallel financial system; one that operates on the usual social programs in critical sectors while allowing a free-market economy in the tourism, export, and international business sectors.
The country has continued to introduce reforms through new laws aimed at bringing in higher foreign investment , which was a shift from being a complement of the economy to an essential part of it. A significant portion of the Chinese economy is still government-controlled, although the number of government programs has declined significantly.
How has China managed to grow its economic influence? Policies allow entrepreneurs and investors to take profits but within the controls of the state. North Korea—the world's most totalitarian state—is another prominent example of a socialist economy. Like Cuba, North Korea has an almost entirely state-controlled economy, with similar social programs to those of Cuba. Recent attempts at creating political economic systems have led to state-driven authoritarian economies with unaccountable political elites, further driving power away from the hands of the masses.
A Command Economy is characterized by collective ownership of capital: property is owned by the State, production levels are determined by the State via advanced planning mechanisms rather than supply and demand, and prices are regulated and controlled. Terms Proletariat : The proletariat from Latin proletarius, a citizen of the lowest class is a term used to identify a lower social class, usually the working class; a member of such a class is proletarian.
Originally it was identified as those people who had no wealth other than their children. Bourgeoisie: In sociology and political science, bourgeoisie Fr.
Since the late 18th century in the Western world, the bourgeoisie describes a social class that is characterized by their ownership of capital and their related culture.
In contemporary academic theories, the term bourgeoisie usually refers to the ruling class in capitalist societies. In Marxist theory, the abiding characteristics of this class are their ownership of the means of production. Command economy : Most of the economy is planned by a central government authority and organized along a top-down administration where decisions regarding production output requirements and investments are decided by planners from the top, or near the top, of the chain of command.
It was formed in by the Bolshevik party of the former Russian Empire. In , Joseph Stalin achieved party leadership and introduced the first Five Year Plan, ending the limited level of capitalism that still existed.
In , under Mikhael Gorbachev, the Soviet Union was dissolved. Example: Agricultural subsidies, which exist in many countries including the United States , are a common way governments intervene in the economy. In some cases, these policies are designed to keep food prices low without bankrupting farmers.
In other cases, they work to protect domestic agriculture. Even the price of milk is strongly influenced by government policy in the United States. SparkTeach Teacher's Handbook. Summary Types of Economies. The Triumph of Capitalism Although command economies were once considered viable alternatives to free-market capitalist economies, poor economic performance in countries with planned economies proved that capitalism was much more efficient.
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