He was tall, straight, and had black hair and dark eyes. He was adept in the Indian sign language. He was always with one captain or the other in most emergencies and situations of danger where skill, nerve, endurance and cool judgement were needed. After the expedition he lived for a few years at Cape Girardeau, Missouri. He made a return trip to the Rocky Mountains and gave William Clark considerable topographical details of the mountain country which Clark incorporated into his map of the Northwest.
He was killed by the Blackfeet Indians in , not far from the area in which he had the scrape with these Indians while he was with Captain Lewis when they made the exploration to the upper Maria's River. He was with the Manuel Lisa party when he met his death. Robert Bratton and his wife, Mrs. Annie McFarland Dunlap. I give these clues to William's ancestry because there is yet some confusion as to just which of the brothers was William's father. It is reported William's family migrated to Kentucky about , and on October 20, , William enlisted under William Clark for the expedition.
Hence he is usually listed as one of the "Nine young men from Kentucky. This "E" was adopted during his Indiana years to distinguish him from another William Bratton , probably his cousin, who also lived near Waynetown, Indiana, and with whom he has often been confused. William E. Bratton was over six feet tall, square of build, very straight and erect, rather reserved, economical, of fine intelligence and the strictest morals.
At an early age he was apprenticed to a blacksmith, possibly his father, or uncle, James, and later became an excellent gunsmith and blacksmith on the expedition. In these capacities, and as a hunter, he was a useful man. After the expedition had reached the mouth of the Columbia River in November , Bratton and four companions were assigned to salt making at the seashore.
They produced enough salt for the expedition's winter requirements as well as enough to last them for the return trip to the states. While working at this exposed task, Bratton became seriously ill of lumbago. He became so weak that he could hardly walk, although the captains did everything in their power to help him. At long last, on May 24, , an Indian steam bath was constructed as a forlorn hope of saving his life.
This proved effective, and soon Bratton was able to resume his duties. Bratton 's conscientious service was attested to by the discharge he received at the end of the expedition. After the expedition, Bratton returned to Kentucky.
He lived there for a time, but returned to Missouri where he lived near John Ordway for a few years. He enlisted from Kentucky for the War of , and was one of those surrendered at Frenchtown now Monroe, Michigan on January 22, He sold his warrant for land to a Mr.
Samuel Barclay in When aged forty-one, he married on November 25, , Miss Mary H. Maxwell and they resided for a time at Greenville, Ohio. By the year , in June, William located on some land at Waynetown, Indiana.
They were the parents of eight sons and two daughters, one of whom, Griselda Ann, married a Mr. Stephen Fields. It was she who gave the first brief biographical data to Olin D. Wheeler, who incorporated this data into his roster found in his The Trail of Lewis and Clark. Meanwhile he raised his large family, and now the many Bratton descendants are spread over the United States.
Apparently one of the sons, S. Bratton , came to California during the gold rush of Bratton died November 11, , at Waynetown, Indiana, and is buried in the pioneer cemetery there. A monument marks the final resting place of this important man. Collins was born in Frederick County, Maryland. His army unit is unknown, but as he went on the muster roll as of January 1, , he was possibly transferred from Capt.
Russell Bissell 's Company. He was one of the best hunters of the party. While at Camp du Bois, Captain Clark once noted him as a "blackguard," perhaps because he killed a farmer's pig, and then claimed it was "bear meat. He was killed while with Ashley in a fight with the Arikara on June 2, Born about , near Staunton, Augusta County, Virginia. When he was about five years old, his parents moved to Maysville, Kentucky.
John spent his boyhood in Maysville and as a young man he probably served as a Ranger under Simon Kenton. He was five feet ten inches tall; rather shy; had blue eyes; an open pleasing countenance; was quick minded, courageous and a fine hunter. He was recruited by Captain Lewis at Maysville on October 15, — one of the "Nine young men from Kentucky" and a permanent member of the expedition.
He was trusted with many special missions while with the party. When the expedition was enroute home, Colter was honorably discharged on August 13, Colter had probably known both men during his Maysville days. The partnership with Handcock and Dickson lasted only some six weeks, for a falling out had occurred.
Colter and Handcock returned to the Mandans during October , and they spent the winter there. In the spring of , Colter started for St. Louis alone, and by July he was at the mouth of the Platte River when he encountered, and joined, Manuel Lisa 's trapping party bound for the Yellowstone. By May , Colter had returned to St. He sold his military warrant for land, probably to the land speculator, John G. Colter soon signed up with Andrew Henry whose trapping expedition was headed for the upper Missouri.
Colter was sent with a party to trap the rich beaver country of the Blackfeet Indians. Because of his past friendship with the Crows —mortal enemies of the Blackfeet— Colter was forced into a conflict with the latter. He escaped from the Blackfeet in the famous encounter in which another Lewis and Clark member, John Potts , was killed. Colter now had enough of the mountains and returned to St. Back in Missouri, probably in early , he married a woman named "Sallie.
Dye, in The Conquest, page , states, "Coalter — married a squaw. Whichever, they settled on a farm near Charette, Franklin County, Missouri. They had a son, Hiram Colter , who became the father of eight children. John Colter died about November 22, Trail writes that according to local tradition, Colter was buried in a cemetery near Dundee, Missouri, on Tunnel Hill, which was located between the Big and Little Boeuf creeks. A railroad cut was later made which eliminated all trace of this cemetery.
The remains were said to have been scattered along the railroad fill. However, in the collections of the St. An entry is written, " John Colter — a fur trader with Manuel Lisa. Died of jaundice. This church and cemetery are at Bridgeton, Missouri, not far from Colter 's farm at Charette. No trace of the tombstone has yet been found. While William Clark was putting finishing touches to his map of the Northwest to accompany the long delayed publication of the Lewis and Clark journals, John Colter supplied many new details gleaned from his travels into the Yellowstone, Wind River and other mountain areas not known to Clark.
This amount was probably due Colter as extra pay for service during the expedition. She had remarried, but died after Born about , perhaps in Culpeper County, Virginia. He may have been a grandson of Abraham Field, Jr. One of the sons of Abraham was Col.
John Field, born in Culpeper. Colonel Field served under George Washington in the Braddock campaign. He lost his life in the Battle of Point Pleasant in October , for which services his heirs were granted a large tract of land in Bourbon County, Kentucky. Another brother, Reuben, served in the 8th and 4th Virginia Regiments, and was present at the surrender of Cornwallis. John had eleven children, and our Joseph and Reuben may have been his sons, or the sons of the brother, Reuben.
Joseph and Reuben Field s therefore may have been known to Captain Lewis before their enlistment with him on August 1, — two of the very earliest. They were probably raised in Kentucky and each is listed as one of the "Nine young men from Kentucky. Both were excellent woodsmen-hunters and were usually involved in every duty of exploration and trust while on the expedition.
Joseph was in charge of a small party which explored the lower Yellowstone River. After the expedition, Joseph received a warrant for land located in Franklin County, Missouri. William Clark noted he was dead by — Born about , probably in Culpeper County, Virginia. A brother of Joseph, above. Much of the same biographical data applies. After the expedition, Captain Clark recommended Reuben for a lieutenancy in the army, which suggests that Reuben was older than Joseph.
Reuben also received a warrant for land in Missouri, but he returned to Kentucky to live. Reuben died in late in Jefferson County, Kentucky, his will being probated on January 14, Born in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, but was probably raised in Kentucky for he is listed as one of the "Nine young men from Kentucky. Ordway states that he was an interpreter and there was some rivalry between him and Drouillard in this capacity.
He married after the expedition, but died in St. Louis in He may have been one of the party under Sgt. Pryor who attempted to return Chief Shahaka to his home in , and may have been wounded then by the Arikara. Born in Massachusetts. He may have been related to the Elisha Goodrich who was a land owner in St. Charles, Missouri, in His army unit is unknown, but he was transferred as of January 1, , to the Lewis and Clark command.
He was the fisherman of the party whose efforts very often supplied a change of diet for the men. After the expedition, he re-enlisted in the army. Clark notes he was dead by — Born about in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. John Campbell 's 2nd Infantry Company.
He was five feet eight inches in height, had grey eyes, fair hair and a sandy complexion. Clark notes that he drank and was one of the more adventuresome of the party. He is reported in St. Louis in and was living in Born in and raised in Brimfield, Massachusetts. He had blue eyes, fair hair and complexion. Clark says "he never drank water. Stark, U. He served for a time at Fort Adams. He married Genevieve Roy in St. Louis and had a son, Joseph, who was in the fur trade with Ashley in During the years to , Joseph Howard was on the upper Missouri.
He was born and raised in Pennsylvania, but probably lived in Kentucky at time of enlistment. He was an excellent hunter and a faithful man to the expedition. A man of this name was in the 1st Infantry in August , when that unit went up the Mississippi to establish Fort Madison. Hugh McNeal apparently remained in the army for he is on the muster rolls as of September Clark lists him as dead by — Born in Pennsylvania, son of Walter N.
Daniel Bissell 's 1st Infantry Company. He was powerful, strong willed and quick tempered. While enroute up the Missouri with the expedition, he made mutinous remarks, but afterwards did all he could to atone.
He was with the return party in and was of valuable help in handling the keel-boat. He traded on the upper Missouri during the years to He was killed by the Yankton Sioux in the spring of Born about in Dillenburg, Germany.
He had been a miller. Had black hair, blue eyes, and a fair complexion. Purdey's Company and joined the expedition on November 24, After the expedition he joined Manuel Lisa 's trapping party of to the upper Missouri.
Here he again met John Colter , where they were attacked by the Blackfeet, and John Potts was killed. Not much known of this man.
Apparently he was not valued for he once deserted while enroute up the Missouri, and as a result he was transferred to the return party of In the original manuscript of the Lewis and Clark journals someone has written "Moses B. Born in in Pennsylvania, hence only eighteen when he joined Captain Lewis at Maysville, Kentucky, on October 19, His family had moved to Belmont County, Ohio, in He is listed as one of the "Nine young men from Kentucky.
George was Protestant-Irish, a good singer, hunter and horseman. He frequently was lost, but always managed to get back to the main party. After the expedition, in , he was one of the force under Ensign Nathaniel Pryor which attempted to return Chief Shahaka to his home among the Mandans. While the party was halted by the Arikara, Shannon was shot in the leg, which, after much suffering, had to be amputated at St.
Charles, Missouri. In he was in St. Louis, and in , by an act of Congress, was pensioned for the loss of his leg. During he assisted Nicholas Biddle edit the Lewis and Clark journals, and undoubtedly added some details to their notes.
By he was practicing law at Lexington, Kentucky. He was elected a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives in and He sold his land warrants for acres to Hon. Henry Clay, who later helped him on many occasions. After his Kentucky years, he practised law in Missouri. He was a senator from Missouri for a time, then returned to law. He died suddenly in court at Palmyra, Missouri, in , aged forty-nine, and is buried in that city.
Born in near Harrisonburg, Augusta County, Virginia. Being aged thirty-five, he appears to be the oldest man of the round-trip party. He was the son of Robert and Nancy Stockton Shields, the sixth son and one of ten brothers and an older sister. Here John ran a mill and a blacksmith shop for his brother-in-law, Samuel Wilson. John Shields enlisted in the expedition on October 19, , in Kentucky, and is considered one of the "Nine young men from Kentucky.
His blacksmith work helped keep the party in corn and other foodstuffs for much of the winter and spring of — When the expedition returned, Captain Lewis wrote: "Shields had received the pay of only a private. Nothing was more particularly useful to us, in various situations, in repairing the guns, accoutrements, etc.
After the expedition, he spent a year trapping with his kinsman, Daniel Boone, in Missouri, and the following year with Squire Boone in Indiana. His wife Nancy, survived him. Their only daughter, Janette, married her cousin, John Tipton, and they left descendants. John Tipton was an executor of his will. Place of birth unknown, but he lived in Indiana. He was a former surveyor at Vincennes, Indiana, and it can be imagined that he was of some assistance to Captain Lewis ' celestial observations, and of Captain Clark 's map-making.
In addition to other duties, he often served as a cook while on the expedition. Clark notes that he was dead by the years — He was probably born in Kentucky and enlisted from an unknown army unit. He was one of the salt makers and cooks of the party. Clark to deduct from the extra pay due Werner "if he has sold or given the horse away. If the horse died not through his negligence — then do not deduct. In he is reported to be in Virginia. Joseph Whitehouse was born about , probably in Fairfax County, Virginia.
About , he and his family migrated to Kentucky. They seem to have located in Boyle and Mercer counties, Kentucky. Captain Clark lists him as one of the "Nine young men from Kentucky" which would indicate that he grew up in that state. As a young man, he enlisted in the U. Army and during one period was stationed at Kaskaskia, Illinois Territory, where he had frequent contact with the traders who trafficked with the Indians on the lower Missouri River.
This was a favorite subject of interest to Whitehouse , so when he heard that recruits for the Lewis and Clark expedition were sought, he located the captains with the hope of joining them. He was transferred from Capt. Daniel Bissell 's Company, then at Fort Massac, to the expedition and was entered on the rolls of Lewis and Clark as of January 1, This would appear to mean that Whitehouse , and the other members recruited from other military commands, had remained on the pay-roll of their former units until December 31, , when they were entered upon the pay-roll of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
The Lewis and Clark journals frequently mention Whitehouse as a "hide-curer" and a "tailor," and record that he often made and repaired the clothes of the men. In , a St. Louis court ordered him arrested for debt. Clark , in his account of the members made during the years —, lists the name, Joseph Whitehouse , without comment.
This could mean that Clark did not then know the whereabouts of Whitehouse — or that he may still have been living then. Joseph Whitehouse kept a journal while on the expedition. A portion, apparently the field notes, or actual diary, is printed in Thwaites' edition of the Lewis and Clark journals.
Recently a revised version of Whitehouse 's journal has been found and now is in the Newberry Library of Chicago. This version has an entry for November 17, , but properly begins with the date, May 14, , when the expedition set out, and ends on April 6, when the expedition was on the lower Columbia, homeward bound. It would appear that Whitehouse , during the fall of , prepared, or had prepared for him, a new, expanded journal with the thought of having it published. He included a preface and announced that his volume would contain a map.
This new version is to be published under the able editorship of Dr. Donald Jackson. Born August 24, , at Charlestown, New Hampshire. He was an only son of Jonathan and Betty Caswell Willard. Five feet ten inches tall, brown hair, dark eyes, dark complexion and of fine physique. He was living in Kentucky at time of enlistment from Capt. Amos Stoddard 's Artillery Company. He went on Lewis and Clark 's payroll as of January 1, He was a good blacksmith, gunsmith and fine hunter.
He may have kept a journal, yet to be located. He married in , Eleanor McDonald of Shelbyville, Kentucky, and they were the parents of seven sons one of whom was named Lewis, and another Clark , and five daughters.
They have left many descendants. In he worked as a blacksmith in Missouri. He served in the War of From to he lived at Plattesville and at Elk Grove, Wisconsin. In he and his family migrated by covered wagon to California, where he died in , aged eighty-seven. He is buried at Franklin, near Sacramento, California. His wife, Eleanor, died June 11, , aged seventy-eight. He and Sgt.
Gass lived during the discovery of photography, and is the only member of whom a photographic likeness is known. Place of birth unknown. He enlisted in Kentucky and was on the Lewis and Clark muster roll as of January 1, , which suggests that he was recruited from some military unit, perhaps that of Capt. Russell Bissell. He was a useful man on the expedition and was usually with the hunting parties.
After the expedition, he settled for a time in Missouri, but later re-enlisted in the army where he served until From to he was living on the Sangamon River in Illinois. Born, October 3, , in Pennsylvania of German descent and probably a descendant of the noted Conrad Weiser. His father was John Phillip Weiser , born ; and grandfather, Peter, born , was a son of Conrad. He was enlisted as of January 1, , probably recruited from Capt.
He was often a quartermaster, cook and hunter on the expedition. He was killed prior to the years — The town of Weiser , and the Weiser River in Idaho, are named for him. He was born in at Louisburg, North Carolina, and was transferred from Capt. John Campbell 's 2nd Infantry Company on May 14, He was on Lewis and Clark 's payroll until June 1, , when he had returned to St.
Louis in charge of the "return" party members from Fort Mandan. He was five feet ten inches tall, had brown hair, black eyes, fair complexion. After the expedition he returned to his original military company. Some time later he was discharged after serving his enlistment agreement. He was probably born at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, but at time of enlistment was living at Kaskaskia, Illinois. His father, John Boley , Sr. Louis in from Pittsburgh. John Jr. He was one of the return party of On August 9, he joined Zebulon Pike 's expedition to the sources of the Mississippi, and went again with him in to the Rocky Mountains.
His parents home place at Meramac, Missouri, became his property at their death. He is said to have been with the Bissell brothers expedition to the mountains. He and his wife were living at Carondelet in October Born in at Pallingham, New Hampshire. Five feet nine inches in height, blue eyes, light hair and fair complexion. Amos Stoddard 's Company at Kaskaskia. He was mentioned in the journals because he killed a pelican on August 7, while enroute up the Missouri.
For many years Robert Frazier has been reported as being born in Vermont, and was a former fencing master. There was a Robert Frazier living in Brattleboro, Vermont, in However, recent research indicates that our Robert Frazier was born in Augusta County, Virginia, a descendant of the Frazier family long resident in that and Rockingham County.
He was a valuable man on the expedition, and was transferred from the extra party to the permanent party in the spring of He kept a journal which he intended to publish, but it has become lost. His map of the Northwest, which was intended to be issued with his journal, is now in the Library of Congress — a small section of which is published in this work. After the expedition he accompanied Captain Lewis to Washington and Virginia, and then returned to St.
On October 6, , the captains gave him a bond for land with the citation: "That said Robert Frazier , having faithfully complied with the several stipulations of his agreement, the undersigned,. Louis and New Orleans. He was reported in several scrapes with the law in St. Louis until the year From to he was living on or near the Gasconade River in Missouri. He died in Franklin County, Missouri, in Born about in New Hampshire. He was a shoemaker and was transferred from Capt.
Amos Stoddard 's Company at Kaskaskia on October 1, He was cited for disorderly conduct while at Camp du Bois. He started with the expedition but was dismissed on June 12, , less than a month after it had started. He was returned to St.
Louis and he probably rejoined his original unit in Capt. Stoddard 's Infantry. Later, he may have been the same John G. Jack Robertson , "an old Ashley man and whisky peddler," and partner with Antoine Robidoux in the s.
He is reported to have been a fur trader for forty years — from to On August 3, , he wrote to his mother, Mrs. In this letter he states that he had intended to come home, but had re-engaged with William Sublette and Andrew Drips as a partner in a trading company.
Born in at New Haven, Connecticut. Amos Stoddard 's Company. Five feet seven inches tall, blue eyes, brown hair and of fair complexion. Before his army service he had been a farmer. Born in at Holliston, Massachusetts. Five feet seven and a half inches tall, sandy hair and fair complexion.
Half French and half Omaha , he probably was a descendant from the Cruzatte family who were early settlers of St. Obviously his father had lived among the Omaha at an early date. He enlisted with Lewis and Clark on May 16, Pierre had formerly been a trader on the Missouri for the Chouteaus before enlisting. He could speak the Omaha language and was skilled in sign-talk, so was of valuable assistance to the captains at the Indian councils and encounters with the tribes on the lower Missouri.
He was a small man, wiry, had but one eye and was nearsighted. He was called "St. Peter" by the men as a nickname.
Like the other regular men, he was awarded extra pay and a land grant after the expedition's return. He was killed by — He may be the same Jean Baptiste Deschamps , Jr.
Charles, August 15, Our Jean seems to have been recruited at Kaskaskia and was the patron, or head Waterman of one of the pirogues. He was recruited at Kaskaskia. He deserted the expedition early on the voyage and was not found thereafter. He probably remained among the Oto e for a few years. If this is the same man, he may have drifted down the Missouri and lived among the Oto e Indians a year or two before joining Lewis and Clark.
Louis, January 11, La Liberte, aged 60, probably the same man, was buried at St. Louis, May 31, He was recruited at Kaskaskia and was half-French and half- Omaha. He served as interpreter and as patron of one of the pirogues. Adept in French, English and several Indian languages, he was of considerable value to the expedition. A bedraggled and harried Corps finally reached the stormy Pacific Ocean in November of They decided to make camp near present-day Astoria, Oregon , and started building Fort Clatsop on December 10 and moved in by Christmas.
It was not an easy winter at Fort Clatsop. Everyone struggled to keep themselves and their supplies dry and fought an ongoing battle with tormenting fleas and other insects. Almost everyone was weak and sick with stomach problems likely caused by bacterial infections , hunger or influenza-like symptoms.
On March 23, , the Corps left Fort Clatsop for home. They retrieved their horses from the Nez Perce and waited until June for the snow to melt to cross the mountains into the Missouri River Basin. The two groups planned to rendezvous where the Yellowstone and Missouri met in North Dakota. Department of the Interior. Two days later, at Marias River near present-day Cut Bank, Montana, Lewis and his group encountered eight Blackfeet warriors and were forced to kill two of them when they tried to steal weapons and horses.
The location of the clash became known as Two Medicine Fight Site. It was the only violent episode of the expedition, although soon after the Blackfeet fight, Lewis was accidentally shot in his buttocks during a hunting trip; the injury was painful and inconvenient but not fatal. On August 12, Lewis and Clark and their crews reunited and dropped off Sacagawea and her family at the Mandan villages. They then headed down the Missouri River—with the currents moving in their favor this time—and arrived in St.
Lewis and Clark returned to Washington , D. While they had failed to identify a coveted Northwest Passage water route across the continent, they had completed their mission of surveying the Louisiana Territory from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, and did so against tremendous odds with just one death and little violence.
The Corps had traveled more than 8, miles, produced invaluable maps and geographical information, identified at least animal specimens and botanical samples and initiated peaceful relations with dozens of Native American tribes. Both Lewis and Clark received double pay and 1, acres of land for their efforts. Clark remained well-respected and lived a successful life.
Lewis, however, was not an effective governor and drank too much. He never married or had children and died in of two gunshot wounds, possibly self-inflicted.
Building Fort Clatsop. Corps of Discovery. National Park Service: Gateway Arch. Expedition Timeline. Flagship: Keelboat, Barge or Boat? Fort Clatsop Illnesses. Fort Mandan Winter. Indian Peace Medals. Lemhi Valley to Fort Clatsop. Lolo Trail. Louisiana Purchase. The Journey. The Native Americans. To Equip an Expedition. Two Medicine Fight Site.
Washington City to Fort Mandan. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! There had been a slight mix-up on the part of the bureaucracy, which had assigned Clark a rank lower to Lewis's, as this was ostensibly a military-sponsored expedition.
Lewis regarded the commission as nothing more than a mistake and treated Clark as an equal throughout the expedition. The captains took separate routes back east after reaching the Pacific. Lewis took a portion of the men and traveled over the land north of the Mississippi river, while Clark and the remaining men navigated the Yellowstone river to the Missouri river. The captains reunited again closer to St.
Louis, and the Corps of Discovery entered St. Louis as one large party on September 23, After the expedition, Clark returned to his family home in Louisville, before traveling to Virginia in hopes of wooing Julia Hancock, which he did successfully. Clark was named Brigadier General of the Louisiana militia, to compliment Lewis's governorship of the same territory.
He married Julia Hancock in January After Lewis's death in , the responsibility of organizing, editing, and publishing the journals and scientific discoveries from the expedition fell to Clark. After much persuasion, he convinced Nicholas Biddle to undertake the task, as he felt his own grammar skills were insufficient to publish a book. He continued in his military capacity as well as more or less facilitating the publication of the book, which finally came out in Lewis's death also left a vacancy in the governorship of Louisiana.
Clark was suggested for that, as well as recommended for the governorship of the Illinois territory. Clark declined both offers and Benjamin Howard assumed the office, serving until That year, Clark assumed the governorship of Louisiana, which became the Missouri territory in He also became the superintendent of Indian Affairs there.
Clark governed almost until his death. He lost the governorship and remained the superintendent of Indian Affairs, which meant he was making less than half of the money that he did when he held both posts, but he still did considerably well.
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