These are not necessarily the views of Eating Disorder Hope, but an effort to offer discussion of various issues by different concerned individuals. We at Eating Disorder Hope understand that eating disorders result from a combination of environmental and genetic factors. If you or a loved one are suffering from an eating disorder, please know that there is hope for you, and seek immediate professional help.
Published on July 5, Published on EatingDisorderHope. The information contained on or provided through this service is intended for general consumer understanding and education and not as a substitute for medical or psychological advice, diagnosis, or treatment.
All information provided on the website is presented as is without any warranty of any kind, and expressly excludes any warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Risk Factors For Eating Disorders When it comes down to it, there is no single factor that can be responsible for the development of eating disorders like bulimia nervosa.
Identifying Early Warning Signs of Bulimia Nervosa The important thing to understand is that every person who struggle with bulimia nervosa has a unique situation that potentially contributed to the development of this eating disorder. Sponsored by Magnolia Creek Peacefully nestled in 36 wooded acres and located just outside of Birmingham, Alabama, Magnolia Creek Treatment Center for Eating Disorders treats women 18 years and older who struggle with eating disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, attachment disorders, dissociative disorders, personality disorders, and co-occurring addictive behaviors.
Do you have a loved one battling an eating disorder and would like a better understanding of this disease? Esophageal ruptures can cause severe chest pain, vomit containing blood hematemesis , nausea, rapid breathing and fever.
This is a medical emergency and must be treated immediately with surgery to repair the tear. Another potential complication of frequent, excessive vomiting is acid reflex, which is the result of the gradual weakening of the lower esophageal sphincter LES. Frequent vomiting can cause the LES to lose muscle tone, which prevents it from closing properly. Failure to close properly allows for stomach contents to splash back into the esophagus, causing heartburn, chest pain and difficulty swallowing.
The medical complications arising from bulimia extend beyond the five risks listed here. Swelling in the hands and feet edema , irregular heartbeat, organ failure, loss of menstruation, infertility, broken blood vessels in the eyes petechiae due to vomiting episodes and other complications associated with pregnancy can also result from BN.
Prior to joining Walden, he was a staff nurse and a Nursing Supervisor in the Arbour system. He can be reached at sjacquet waldenbehavioralcare. The population of this study totaled The minimum sample size needed to meet the requirements was estimated at individuals. At the end, the sample of this study consisted of individuals. The proportion of students from public and private schools that were part of the sample was considered, respecting the percentage of students aged enrolled in the public and private network of the municipality distributed in health districts.
Adolescents already diagnosed with eating disorders or gastroesophageal reflux were excluded from this study. A pilot study was conducted in November with 59 students from a public school to test the methods and the data collection process, demonstrating that there was no need for modification. Individuals who participated in this stage were not included in the main study.
Initially, a visit was held in each classroom informing about the objectives and the importance of the research. At this time, the informed consent form and the consent term were delivered to the adolescents interested in participating in the survey. During the next day, a questionnaire with socioeconomic and demographic variables age and school type and the Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh BITE 20 were applied.
BITE was validated to be applied in Brazilian adolescents. The BITE presents as final results two scales, one of symptoms and other of severity. The scale of symptoms has three possible outcomes:. It is recommended that subjects respond to the questionnaire considering their behavior during the last three months. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample. The Poisson regression with robust variance was used to verify the association of behavioral and sociodemographic variables with behavioral risk for bulimia.
The sample consisted of students Regarding BITE results, the symptom scale identified On the same scale, 4. Of these, 1. Among the restrictive practices, fasting for a whole day was the most used method among adolescents In the final robust Poisson regression model Table 1 , school type was associated with the use of laxatives prevalence ratio - PR - 0. In relation to the occurrence of binge-eating behavior indicators, Almost half of the adolescents feel an uncontrollable urge to eat Only a small portion In the multivariate model Table 3 , that analyzes behavioral and socioeconomic factors, all variables remained associated with behavioral risk for bulimia in the final model: adolescents who consider having normal eating habits PR 0.
The proportion of adolescents who presented risk behaviors was significantly lower in public schools PR 0. Evidence points to an increasingly wide distribution of eating disorders worldwide.
Other studies using the same data collection instrument, but addressing different age groups in adolescence, also found high prevalence of risk behavior among Brazilian adolescents: The results found in this study are in line with the literature for studies with Brazilian subjects: 1.
In this study, the proportion of adolescents who presented risk practices was significantly higher in private schools compared to adolescents from public schools, and this variable remained associated with behavioral variables in the final multivariate analysis model.
A Brazilian study developed by Hermont et al. Thus, it is clear that the desire to be thin is similar in both type of schools, but adolescents from private schools use improper practices to achieve this desire at a higher frequency compared to those from public schools, probably due to the greater access to these resources, which are often expensive, 8 and probably due to greater disclosure of inappropriate methods for weight control among adolescents of private schools.
According to American researchers, 27 peer pressure to conform to cultural ideals has been consistently identified as an important factor associated with the development of eating disorders, especially among adolescents.
Adolescent girls are subject to a number of physical, psychological, and social changes that, if not managed well, have negative impacts on their self-esteem, body shape satisfaction, and psychological well-being. Among the restrictive practices, fasting for a whole day was the most applied among adolescents In the multivariate analysis, both the use of laxatives and the practice of self-induced vomiting remained in the final model, and the practice of self-induced vomiting showed strong association with adolescents from public schools.
These results indicate that the access to financial resources can influence the behavioral method used to lose weight by adolescents. Vale, Kerr and Bosi 8 suggested that most adolescents who perform self-induced vomiting, fast or eat compulsively believe to have normal eating habits, suggesting an association between leanness and health, perhaps as a contrast to the association between obesity and disease.
Japanese researchers 28 point out that the participants of these studies may be reluctant to admit such behaviors; and this may be linked to self-denial of the condition, guilt, or shame of their behavior, in order to hide the true source of the problem.
According to Vale, Kerr and Bosi, 8 eating and restricting food appeared to be harmful strategies to deal with conflicting situations and their aversive resulting emotional states. In this study, the prevalence of adolescents who reported fear of getting fat was high, and more than half of these individuals presented behavioral risk for bulimia. Similarly, over half of individuals who claimed to seek for emotional comfort in food were at risk for eating disorders.
The conflict between food and anxiety can lead to the emergence of food compulsion and obesity. The psychosomatic theory of obesity states that, in times of distress, food is used as an emotional defense that, in turn, leads to obesity, 29 and that obese people consume large amounts of food in response to negative emotions, while people with normal weight have a more adaptive coping mechanisms and do not eat in response to emotional stress.
This may possibly provide a focus of intervention in this population. These findings support potential implications for the treatment and prevention of pediatric obesity and eating disorders, because they suggest that interventions would benefit the incorporation of stress-reduction techniques and promotion of positive mood. Behaviors indicative of binge eating showed high prevalence in this study, well above the purgative restrictive practices and all variables remained in the final multivariate analysis model associated with behavioral risk for bulimia.
According to the fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5 , a binge-eating episode is characterized by both the intake of an amount of food that would normally be considered too large and the feeling of lack of control over eating. This intensifies their concerns about their inability to control feeding and weight, and encourages the adoption of dietary restriction practices, which, in turn, increases the risk of binge eating, creating a cycle.
The prevalence of adolescents who follow a strict diet was low in our sample 7. However, of them, Diets cause a weight fluctuation experience and may provoke depression and risk of developing eating disorders. The findings in this report are subject to some limitations. Firstly, the cross-sectional design impeding any evaluation of causality.
Further longitudinal studies are required to overcome this limitation. Secondly, the standardization of the indices would facilitate the comparisons of different studies. Despite these limitations, the development of studies that assess risk groups, especially in adolescence - a trigger point in the development of diseases such as eating disorders -, is important for the evaluation of their vulnerability, as well as for establishing preventive measures to avoid the perpetuation of inappropriate habits, thus avoiding comorbidities, which can last for a lifetime.
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