But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.
Ratified December 6, Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Ratified July 9, Note: Article I, section 2, of the Constitution was modified by section 2 of the 14th amendment. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.
No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed.
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof.
But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
Section 5. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Ratified February 3, The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.
Ratified April 8, The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.
Ratified January 16, Repealed by amendment James Madison introduced 12 amendments to the First Congress in Ten of these would go on to become what we now consider to be the Bill of Rights.
One was never passed, while another dealing with Congressional salaries was not ratified until , when it became the 27th Amendment. Based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights, the English Bill of Rights, the writings of the Enlightenment, and the rights defined in the Magna Carta, the Bill of Rights contains rights that many today consider to be fundamental to America.
The First Amendment provides that Congress make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise. It protects freedom of speech, the press, assembly, and the right to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. The Third Amendment prohibits the government from quartering troops in private homes, a major grievance during the American Revolution.
The Fourth Amendment protects citizens from unreasonable search and seizure. The government may not conduct any searches without a warrant, and such warrants must be issued by a judge and based on probable cause.
The Fifth Amendment provides that citizens not be subject to criminal prosecution and punishment without due process. Citizens may not be tried on the same set of facts twice and are protected from self-incrimination the right to remain silent. The amendment also establishes the power of eminent domain, ensuring that private property is not seized for public use without just compensation. The amendment also provides the accused the right to compel testimony from witnesses, as well as the right to legal representation.
The Seventh Amendment provides that civil cases preserve the right to trial by jury. The Eighth Amendment prohibits excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments.
The Ninth Amendment states that the list of rights enumerated in the Constitution is not exhaustive, and that the people retain all rights not enumerated. The Tenth Amendment assigns all powers not delegated to the United States, or prohibited to the States, to either the States or to the people. Learn more about the Constitution. We'll be in touch with the latest information on how President Biden and his administration are working for the American people, as well as ways you can get involved and help our country build back better.
You have JavaScript disabled. Please enable JavaScript to use this feature. The promise of the 15th Amendment to protect Black voting rights remained unfulfilled until the civil rights movement and passage of the Voting Rights Act of The decision drew widespread outrage, and led to the passage of the first of four constitutional amendments that would be ratified during the Progressive era. The movement in favor of the popular election of senators gained strength in the late 19th century, fueled by a view of the Senate as an out-of-touch, elitist group subject to corruption.
By , many state legislatures had lent their vocal support to the change, leading to ratification of the 17th Amendment the following year. The amendment substantially altered the structure of Congress as set out in Article I of the Constitution, removing from state legislatures the power to choose U. The new income tax freed the government from its dependence on the liquor tax, and senators now directly elected were subject to greater pressure from temperance advocates. Prohibition remained in effect for the next 13 years, until its repeal with the 21st Amendment.
Susan B. With a constitutional amendment stalled in Congress for decades, suffragists focused their efforts on the states, where they were able to make gradual progress. Even after ratification of the 19th Amendment, many women of color were subject to various types of voter suppression until passage of the Voting Rights Act of Before ratification of the 20th Amendment, 13 months had passed between the election of a new Congress and the time it held its first meeting. It also moved up the inauguration of the president by six weeks, moving it to January The 20th Amendment was quickly proposed, passed and ratified during the Great Depression , when many people regretted that Franklin D.
Roosevelt had to wait four months to succeed the unpopular Herbert Hoover. As the temperance movement still held sway in many states, supporters of the 21st Amendment realized that state legislators could be subject to political pressure, and opted to follow the convention route instead. Though term limits were not a part of the Constitution, later generations of Americans believed that George Washington set a valuable precedent when he made the decision to step away from the presidency after two terms in Several later presidents flirted with the idea of a third term, but Franklin D.
Roosevelt was the first to follow through. Guiding the nation through the tumultuous era spanning the Depression and World War II , FDR won an unprecedented four presidential elections , but died several months after his fourth term began in Two years later, Congress began the process of passing the 22nd Amendment, which limited future presidents to two terms.
Since the District of Columbia became the seat of the U. The 23rd Amendment addressed this, giving D. While the original version of the amendment approved by the Senate would have granted the District representation in the House of Representatives, the House rejected this idea. In , Congress adopted another proposed amendment that provided for D.
Starting in the years following Reconstruction , many white-dominated Southern legislatures enacted poll taxes as a method of disenfranchising Black voters. Congress repeatedly debated legislation to eliminate poll taxes starting in , but none passed. Though only five states still had such taxes in place by , supporters of the civil rights movement saw their abolition as an important objective in combating racism and discrimination against Black Americans.
The 24th Amendment applied only to federal elections, and after its ratification several southern states tried to maintain poll taxes for separately held state elections. In Harper v. Vice President Lyndon B. After John F. Kennedy was assassinated in November , a movement grew to clarify the vague procedures that had existed around presidential disability and the right of succession. It also allows the president to declare a temporary inability to serve—as in the case of undergoing surgery—and resume powers when able.
The fourth and most controversial section, which has never been invoked, empowers the vice president to become acting president if the president is determined by the vice president and the majority of the Cabinet, backed by Congress to be unable to perform the duties of the office. The long-running debate over whether young Americans should be asked to risk their lives fighting for their country before they were given the right to vote intensified during the Vietnam War.
In , Congress passed a statute lowering the age of voting in all federal, state and local elections to When Oregon challenged that law, the Supreme Court sided with the state, ruling that Congress only had jurisdiction over federal elections.
With a groundswell of popular support, the 26th Amendment was passed and ratified in record time, lowering the legal voting age to 18 in all U. By prohibiting any law raising or lowering the salaries of members of Congress from taking effect before the start of a new session of Congress begins, the 27th Amendment aims to reduce corruption in the legislative branch of the federal government.
Originally introduced by Madison, it was left in limbo when the first 10 amendments were ratified in and largely forgotten by the late 20th century, when Gregory Watson, a college student in Texas, read about it in a class on American government. Watson later rallied enough popular support and resentment of Congress to get the requisite three-quarters of U.
Constitutional Amendment Process. Federal Register, National Archives. Jack N. Rakove, ed. The Annotated U.
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